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Abstract
Statistical research relies on various data collection methods, among which surveys play a crucial role in inferential statistics. Unlike total observation, which includes the entire population, survey-based research uses a sample to estimate population parameters and test hypotheses. This paper explores the methodological foundations of survey research, its relationship with statistical populations and samples, and the principles of parameter estimation, including point estimation and confidence intervals. Special attention is given to the properties of estimators, such as unbiasedness, efficiency, and consistency, which influence the accuracy of statistical inference.